Resultant interslice forces are horizontal. The assumptions made by a number of limit equilibrium methods are listed in the table below. Risk assessment is concerned with both the consequence of slope failure and the probability of failure (both require an understanding of the failure mechanism). In addition, the use of the risk assessment concept is increasing today. Also, even for very simple slopes, the results obtained with typical limit equilibrium methods currently in use (Bishop, Spencer, etc.) may differ considerably. In these cases more sophisticated numerical modelling techniques should be utilised. internal deformation and brittle fracture, progressive creep, liquefaction of weaker soil layers, etc.). For example, limit equilibrium is most commonly used and simple solution method, but it can become inadequate if the slope fails by complex mechanisms (e.g. The engineer must fully understand limitations of each technique. Finite element limit analysis, Discontinuity layout optimization) to complex and sophisticated numerical solutions (finite-/distinct-element codes). Today engineers have a lot of possibilities to use analysis software, ranges from simple limit equilibrium techniques through to computational limit analysis approaches (e.g. Before the computer age stability analysis was performed graphically or by using a hand-held calculator.
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